Does aging inevitably mean memory loss? Is any difficulty remembering a sign of Alzheimer’s disease? These preconceived ideas, deeply rooted in our beliefs, often fuel unfounded concerns about cognitive aging. But the reality is very different.
Hélène Amieva, Psychogerontologist, Epidemiologist and member of the B2V Memory Observatory, sheds light on how memory changes with age, and disentangles the true from the false to understand how memory changes over the years, and how to preserve it effectively. The B2V Memory Observatory takes a look at the preconceived ideas that need to be deconstructed
No, memory doesn’t age, it evolves.
Contrary to popular belief, aging doesn’t mean that memory is inevitably lost with time, but rather that it evolves, adapting to the needs of each age and continuing to accompany us throughout our lives. And the good news is that, in some respects, it’s even getting richer!
Memory is synonymous with the brain, and the brain has its own rhythm. We often don’t realize it, but the brain reaches full maturity around the age of 25. Before that age, it’s building and organizing itself, and once that milestone is passed, progressive changes begin to appear. These transformations differ from person to person, and above all, they respond to the varied needs of each stage of life, shaped by our experiences and needs. At 20, for example, the brain is in a phase of intense exploration: studies, first professional experiences, social relationships…
The desire to learn is fueled by constant novelty, and the memory is loaded with new information at a frenetic pace. As we age, our needs change. The need to learn becomes less urgent, while our memory has accumulated a colossal amount of information over the years: memories, knowledge, experience. The real challenge is no longer learning, as this capacity remains intact throughout life, whatever our age, but rather our ability to efficiently retrieve specific information from this “reservoir” of information. It’s a challenge: sorting and accessing what we need quickly sometimes requires a little more time… or a helping hand.
Alzheimer’s: a disease, not a destiny
Alzheimer’s disease, often mistaken for a natural ageing of the memory, is neither a fatality nor an inevitable consequence. In fact, it is a multifactorial disease whose risk factors may be genetic, metabolic, psychosocial or lifestyle-related. Age, for its part, is a major risk factor – the number of cases rises sharply after the age of 85 – but it is not sufficient to explain its onset. Growing old does not necessarily mean developing Alzheimer’s disease.
What about forgetfulness? Is it always a bad sign?
No need to panic. With age, forgetting becomes a common phenomenon, but it’s important to understand that it’s a normal, even indispensable mechanism that’s an integral part of memory function. It allows us to make room, just as we sort through photos to keep only the most precious ones. Unlike a computer, our memory doesn’t store everything indiscriminately, and that’s what makes it so efficient and human. To grow old, then, is to have a memory that transforms and enriches itself, rather than one that fades away.
There are different types of forgetfulness:
- The first is temporary forgetfulness: information we know we have, but which is temporarily inaccessible. This difficulty in retrieving it is not a true forgetfulness, as it often takes only a little discussion, or a hint, for the information to resurface.
- The second, more worrying type of forgetfulness is when we feel as if a piece of information has been completely erased from our memory, as if we’d never experienced it. Although this type of forgetfulness is normal from time to time, if it occurs frequently, it may be a sign of a more serious problem, such as a neurocognitive disorder.
Not all memory skills deteriorate with age
Some of our memory capacities are remarkably resistant to the passage of time, and even continue to strengthen. This is the case for several types of memory, which, far from deteriorating, become richer with age.
- Take episodic memory, for example. Although we may find it harder to recall certain details with age, long-standing memories often remain firmly anchored.
- Secondly, procedural memory, the memory of gestures, remains intact. Whether it’s singing, playing an instrument or cooking, these skills solidify with experience and are less affected by aging.
- Finally, semantic memory – the memory of general knowledge – becomes a real asset as the years go by. Studies show that people aged 65 and over often outperform younger people on tests, having accumulated and consolidated a wealth of knowledge throughout their lives.
No, age alone does not determine the health of our memory
There is no single model for memory aging. Each individual follows a unique trajectory, influenced by a multitude of factors: lifestyle habits, leisure activities, social environment and, of course, genetic inheritance. Age is only one factor among many.
You can take action at every stage of your life to preserve your memory and reduce the risk of cognitive decline:
- By adopting a healthy lifestyle, limiting tobacco and alcohol consumption, and monitoring health parameters such as cholesterol, diabetes and hypertension, we create an environment conducive to cerebral well-being.
- Regular physical activity is also an important protective factor. It enriches the cerebral reserve and stimulates brain plasticity, which is essential for maintaining cognitive capacity.
- A key factor in maintaining memory throughout life is the quality of social interactions. Engaging in conversation, exchanging ideas and sharing activities with others are all highly stimulating cognitive exercises. These exchanges strengthen our ability to elaborate ideas, argue, and adapt to the reactions of others, thus stimulating cognitive functions. Conversely, social isolation leads to a lack of stimulation, encourages rumination and can limit the brain’s plasticity, slowing down its functioning and ability to keep fit.
Preserving your memory is a lifelong task.
The Alzheimer’s Village: a replicable model
Some innovative schemes, such as Le Village Alzheimer des Landes, the only one of its kind in France, focus on the importance of social ties and participation in activities to slow the progression of the disease in its residents. The research team, led by Professor Hélène Amieva, focuses on preventing rapid cognitive decline. By integrating elements such as adapted architecture, varied and regular social interaction and a stimulating environment, the village creates an active and humane living environment. Multidimensional studies are being carried out to analyze residents’ quality of life, their perception of the disease, and the effectiveness of the socio-economic model.
Initial results are promising: little or no cognitive decline, preserved quality of life and reduced behavioural disorders. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the viability and reproducibility of the model, with potential implications on a national and international scale.
Published by the Editorial Staff on